No Access Submitted: 23 January 2017 Accepted: 07 June 2017 Published Online: 26 June 2017
Physics of Fluids 29, 065109 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4989421
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• R. O. Fox
• A. Passalacqua
An extended quadrature method of moments using the $β$ kernel density function ($β$-EQMOM) is used to approximate solutions to the evolution equation for univariate and bivariate composition probability distribution functions (PDFs) of a passive scalar for binary and ternary mixing. The key element of interest is the molecular mixing term, which is described using the Fokker–Planck (FP) molecular mixing model. The direct numerical simulations (DNSs) of Eswaran and Pope [“Direct numerical simulations of the turbulent mixing of a passive scalar,” Phys. Fluids 31, 506 (1988)] and the amplitude mapping closure (AMC) of Pope [“Mapping closures for turbulent mixing and reaction,” Theor. Comput. Fluid Dyn. 2, 255 (1991)] are taken as reference solutions to establish the accuracy of the FP model in the case of binary mixing. The DNSs of Juneja and Pope [“A DNS study of turbulent mixing of two passive scalars,” Phys. Fluids 8, 2161 (1996)] are used to validate the results obtained for ternary mixing. Simulations are performed with both the conditional scalar dissipation rate (CSDR) proposed by Fox [Computational Methods for Turbulent Reacting Flows (Cambridge University Press, 2003)] and the CSDR from AMC, with the scalar dissipation rate provided as input and obtained from the DNS. Using scalar moments up to fourth order, the ability of the FP model to capture the evolution of the shape of the PDF, important in turbulent mixing problems, is demonstrated. Compared to the widely used assumed $β$-PDF model [S. S. Girimaji, “Assumed β-pdf model for turbulent mixing: Validation and extension to multiple scalar mixing,” Combust. Sci. Technol. 78, 177 (1991)], the $β$-EQMOM solution to the FP model more accurately describes the initial mixing process with a relatively small increase in computational cost.
The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the US National Science Foundation under the SI2–SSE Award No. NSF–ACI 1440443.
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