Abstract
We introduce a differential planar Hall effect method that enables the experimental study of spin orbit torque switching of in-plane magnetized free layers in a simple Hall bar device geometry. Using this method, we study the Pt thickness dependence of switching currents and show that they decrease monotonically down to the minimum experimental thickness of ∼5 nm, while the critical current and power densities are very weakly thickness dependent, exhibiting the minimum values of Jc0 = 1.1 × 108 A/cm2 and at this minimum thickness. Our results suggest that a significant reduction of the critical parameters could be achieved by optimizing the free layer magnetics, which makes this technology a viable candidate for fast, high endurance and low-error rate applications such as cache memories.
References
- 1. A. Manchon and S. Zhang, Phys. Rev. B 78, 212405 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.78.212405, Google ScholarCrossref
- 2. A. Manchon and S. Zhang, Phys. Rev. B 79, 094422 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.79.094422, Google ScholarCrossref
- 3. I. M. Miron, G. Gaudin, S. Auffret, B. Rodmacq, A. Schuhl, S. Pizzini, J. Vogel, and P. Gambardella, Nat. Mater. 9, 230 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat2613, Google ScholarCrossref
- 4. I. M. Miron, K. Garello, G. Gaudin, P. Zermatten, M. V. Costache, S. Auffret, S. Bandiera, B. Rodmacq, A. Schuhl, and P. Gambardella, Nature 476, 189 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10309, Google ScholarCrossref
- 5. L. Liu, O. J. Lee, T. J. Gudmundsen, D. C. Ralph, and R. A. Buhrman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 096602 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.096602, Google ScholarCrossref
- 6. L. Liu, C.-F. Pai, Y. Li, H. W. Tseng, D. C. Ralph, and R. A. Buhrman, Science 336, 555 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1218197, Google ScholarCrossref
- 7. J. C. Slonczewski, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 159, L1 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-8853(96)00062-5, Google ScholarCrossref
- 8. L. Berger, Phys. Rev. B 54, 9353 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.54.9353, Google ScholarCrossref
- 9. C. Chappert, A. Fert, and F. N. Van Dau, Nat. Mater. 6, 813 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat2024, Google ScholarCrossref
- 10. D. C. Ralph and M. D. Stiles, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 320, 1190 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2007.12.019, Google ScholarCrossref
- 11. T. Kawahara, K. Ito, R. Takemura, and H. Ohno, Microelectron. Reliab. 52, 613 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2011.09.028, Google ScholarCrossref
- 12. A. V. Khvalkovskiy, D. Apalkov, S. Watts, R. Chepulskii, R. S. Beach, A. Ong, X. Tang, A. Driskill-Smith, W. H. Butler, P. B. Visscher, D. Lottis, E. Chen, V. Nikitin, and M. Krounbi, J. Phys. D: App. Phys. 46, 074001 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/46/7/074001, Google ScholarCrossref
- 13. A. D. Kent and D. C. Worledge, Nat. Nanotechnol. 10, 187 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2015.24, Google ScholarCrossref
- 14. S. Manipatruni, D. E. Nikonov, and I. A. Young, Appl. Phys. Express 7, 103001 (2014). https://doi.org/10.7567/APEX.7.103001, Google ScholarCrossref
- 15. Y. Kim, X. Fong, K.-W. Kwon, M.-C. Chen, and K. Roy, IEEE Trans. Electron Dev. 62, 561 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1109/TED.2014.2377721, Google ScholarCrossref
- 16. M. I. Dyakonov and V. I. Perel, Phys. Lett. A 35, 459 (1971). https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(71)90196-4, Google ScholarCrossref
- 17. J. E. Hirsch, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 1834 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.1834, Google ScholarCrossref
- 18. A. Hoffmann, IEEE Trans. Magn. 49, 5172 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2013.2262947, Google ScholarCrossref
- 19. J. Sinova, S. O. Valenzuela, J. Wunderlich, C. H. Back, and T. Jungwirth, Rev. Mod. Phys. 87, 1213 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.87.1213, Google ScholarCrossref
- 20. Y. Seo, X. Fong, K.-W. Kwon, and K. Roy, IEEE Magn. Lett. 6, 3000204 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1109/LMAG.2015.2422260, Google ScholarCrossref
- 21. F. Oboril, R. Bishnoi, M. Ebrahimi, and M. B. Tahoori, IEEE Trans. Comput.-Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst. 34, 367 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1109/TCAD.2015.2391254, Google ScholarCrossref
- 22. L. Liu, T. Moriyama, D. C. Ralph, and R. A. Buhrman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 036601 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.036601, Google ScholarCrossref
- 23. M. Hayashi, J. Kim, M. Yamanouchi, and H. Ohno, Phys. Rev. B 89, 144425 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.89.144425, Google ScholarCrossref
- 24. S. Woo, M. Mann, A. J. Tan, L. Caretta, and G. S. D. Beach, Appl. Phys. Lett. 105, 212404 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4902529, Google ScholarScitation, ISI
- 25. K. Garello, C. O. Avci, I. M. Miron, M. Baumgartner, A. Ghosh, S. Auffret, O. Boulle, G. Gaudin, and P. Gambardella, Appl. Phys. Lett. 105, 212402 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4902443, Google ScholarScitation, ISI
- 26. C. Zhang, S. Fukami, H. Sato, F. Matsukura, and H. Ohno, Appl. Phys. Lett. 107, 012401 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4926371, Google ScholarScitation, ISI
- 27. C.-F. Pai, L. Liu, Y. Li, H. W. Tseng, D. C. Ralph, and R. A. Buhrman, Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 122404 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4753947, Google ScholarScitation, ISI
- 28. M.-H. Nguyen, C.-F. Pai, K. X. Nguyen, D. A. Muller, D. C. Ralph, and R. A. Buhrman, Appl. Phys. Lett. 106, 222402 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4922084, Google ScholarScitation, ISI
- 29. R. H. Koch, J. A. Katine, and J. Z. Sun, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 088302 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.088302, Google ScholarCrossref
- 30. Z. Li and S. Zhang, Phys. Rev. B 69, 134416 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.69.134416, Google ScholarCrossref
- 31. H. Sato, M. Yamanouchi, S. Ikeda, S. Fukami, F. Matsukura, and H. Ohno, Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 022414 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4736727, Google ScholarScitation, ISI
- 32. P. M. Haney, H.-W. Lee, K.-J. Lee, A. Manchon, and M. D. Stiles, Phys. Rev. B 87, 174411 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.87.174411, Google ScholarCrossref
- 33. M.-H. Nguyen, D. C. Ralph, and R. A. Buhrman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 126601 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.126601, Google ScholarCrossref
- 34. C.-F. Pai, Y. Ou, L. H. Vilela-Leão, D. C. Ralph, and R. A. Buhrman, Phys. Rev. B 92, 064426 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.92.064426, Google ScholarCrossref
- 35. W. Zhang, W. Han, X. Jiang, S.-H. Yang, and S. S. P. Parkin, Nat. Phys. 11, 496 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys3304, Google ScholarCrossref
- 36. M.-H. Nguyen, M. Zhao, D. C. Ralph, and R. A. Buhrman, Appl. Phys. Lett. 108, 242407 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4953768, Google ScholarScitation, ISI
- 37. Strictly speaking, these assumptions are valid only if proportionality constants between spin and momentum relaxation times are same for the bulk and the surface scattering. Google Scholar
- 38. R. J. Elliott, Phys. Rev. 96, 266 (1954). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.96.266, Google ScholarCrossref
- 39. Y. Yafet, Solid State Phys. 14, 1 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0081-1947(08)60259-3, Google ScholarCrossref
- 40. G. Y. Guo, S. Murakami, T. W. Chen, and N. Nagaosa, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 096401 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.096401, Google ScholarCrossref
Published by AIP Publishing.
Please Note: The number of views represents the full text views from December 2016 to date. Article views prior to December 2016 are not included.

