MENU
  • Scitation Home
SUBMIT YOUR ARTICLE

Thank you

For your interest in the Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy

Check for updates on crossmark
Prev Next
No Access
Published Online: 08 October 2013
Accepted: September 2013

Energy efficiency and waste reuse: A solution for sustainability in poor West African countries? Case study of the shea butter supply chain in Burkina Faso

Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 5, 053134 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4824432
Eric Serges Noumi1, Marie-Hélène Dabat2, and Joël Blin1,2, a)
more...View Affiliations
ABSTRACT
In West African countries, the objective of producer insertion in competitive markets is often associated with the need to modernize and mechanize production processes, i.e., replace labour by machines. This excludes traditional producers who can barely comply with the economic criteria but who must remain competitive to generate higher incomes. The challenge is to improve the efficiency of traditional methods in supply chains rather than imposing modern technologies that producers hardly adopt. Moreover, West African populations suffer from not having cheap and available energy sources. They, therefore, have to be imaginative for more efficient energy use in order to improve the productivity and quality of their products and support sustainable rural development and incomes. Building on the case study of the shea butter supply chain in Burkina Faso, this article proposes an original approach consisting of improved energy use for a more competitive and sustainable activity. The traditional butter production process consumes a great deal of energy from firewood and generates a lot of organic waste that could be used as an energy source. We examined the feasibility of using alternative energy techniques that could be taken on board as they are simple and designed from local resources, whilst using by-products from the shea butter production chain as biofuels to partially replace firewood. We showed that using alternative energy techniques, taken one by one or combined, can lead to lower energy use and thereby increase women's incomes, whilst helping to conserve forests.

REFERENCES
Section:
Previous sectionNext section

  1. 1. M. Saussey, P. Moity Maizi, and J. Muchnik, “ Nouvelles formes de reconnaissance des femmes burkinabé dans la production collective de beurre de karité,” Cah. Agric. 17, 582–586 (2008); online at http://www.jle.com/fr/revues/agro_biotech/agr/e-docs/00/04/44/2C/resume.phtml. Google Scholar
  2. 2. B. Bridier and D. Chabrol, “ Indications géographiques en Afrique de l'Ouest et du Centre: raisonner la diversité,” in Actes Colloque Savanes Africaines en Développement: Innover Pour Durer, Garoua, Cameroun, Prasac, N'Djaména, Tchad; Cirad, Montpellier, France (2009), p 9. Google Scholar
  3. 3. M. Elias and C. Judith, “ African shea butter: a feminized subsidy from nature,” J. Int. Afr. Inst. 77, 32–62 (2007). https://doi.org/10.3366/afr.2007.77.1.37 , Google ScholarCrossref
  4. 4. P. H. Mensier, Dictionnaire des Huiles Végétales, Paris, France (1957). Google Scholar
  5. 5. G. Sallé, J. Boussim, A. Raynal-Roques, and F. Brunck, in Le karité une richesse potentielle. Perspectives de Recherche Pour Améliorer sa Production, Revue Bois et Forêts des Tropiques, n°228, 2ème Trimestre (1991), pp 11–33. Google Scholar
  6. 6. M. François, N. Niculescu, Z. Badini, and M. Diarra, “ Le beurre de karité au Burkina Faso: Entre marché domestique et filières d'exportation,” Cah. Agric. 18, 369–375 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1684/agr.2009.0315 , Google ScholarCrossref
  7. 7. Directive 2000/36, “ CE du parlement européen et du conseil du 23 Juin 2000 relative aux produits de cacao et de chocolat destinés à l'alimentation humaine,” Journal Officiel des Communautés Européennes n°L 197, 19–25 (2000). Google Scholar
  8. 8. J. Pesquet, “ Enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction of fat from kernels of the shea tree, Butyrospermum parkii,” J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 71, 979–983 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02542265 , Google ScholarCrossref
  9. 9. Y. F. Lozano, C. Bannon, and E. M. Gaydou, “ Unsaponifiable matter, total sterol and tocopherol contents of avocado oil varieties,” J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 70, 561–565 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02545319 , Google ScholarCrossref
  10. 10. UNDP, in United Nation Development Programme internal Working Document, Shea Butter Scoping Paper: Green Commodities Facility (2010), p 19. Google Scholar
  11. 11. S. Ouedraogo, Activités rémunératrices des femmes: étroitesse des marchés: Cas des femmes de Souron–Nayala au Burkina Faso, rapport d’évaluation de fin de projet, A. I. Genève, ACD/IUED Genève, ACD/IUED Genève (2002), p 67. Google Scholar
  12. 12. M.-H. Dabat, J. Blin, and M. Rivier, “ Facing the challenge of energy and food in Burkina Faso,” in Colloque innovation et Développement Durable dans l'Agriculture et l'Agroalimentaire (ISDA 2010) Montpellier-France (2010), p 7. Google Scholar
  13. 13. P. Coulibaly-Lingani, M. Tigabu, P. Savadogo, P.-C. Oden, and J.-M. Ouadba, “ Determinants of access to forest products in southern Burkina Faso,” For. Policy Econ. 11, 516–524 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2009.06.002 , Google ScholarCrossref
  14. 14. D. Diancoumba, T. Ferre, D. Gautier, L. Vialles, and M.-H. Dabat, in CIRAD Rapport Filière karité Région Est: Appui à la Définition de Stratégies de Développement des Filières Agro-sylvo-pastorales et Halieutique Sélectionnées Dans les Régions D'intervention du PADAB II Goulots d’étranglement et Actions Pilotes (2009), p 54. Google Scholar
  15. 15. J. Blin and M. Rivier, in CIRAD Rapport Filière Karité Région Est: étude Préalable de l'action Pilote Production de Beurre de Karité Intégration d'une Composante économie d’énergie (2009), p 22. Google Scholar
  16. 16. F. G. Honfo, K. Hell, N. Akissoé, O. Coulibaly, P. Fandohan, and J. Hounhouigan, “ Effect of storage conditions on microbiological and physicochemical quality of shea butter,” J. Food Sci. Technol. 48, 274–279 (2011). Google ScholarCrossref
  17. 17. C. Bailly, C. Barbier, J. Clément, J. P. Goudet, and O. Hamel, “ Les problèmes de la satisfaction des besoins en bois en Afrique sèche: Connaissances et incertitudes,” Revue Bois et Forêts des Tropiques 167, 23–43 (1982); online at http://bft.cirad.fr/revues/notice_fr.php?dk=444238. Google Scholar
  18. 18. H. W. Koning, K. R. Smith, and J. M. Last, “ Combustion de la biomasse et santé,” Bulletin de l'Organisation mondiale de la santé 63, 215–232 (1985); online at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2536391/. Google Scholar
  19. 19. M. C. Ahouandjinou, P. Adegbola, J. A. Yabi, and S. A. Adekambi, “ Adoption et impact socio-économique de la sémi-mécanisation du procédé de transformation des amandes de karité en beurre au nord-Benin,” in Contributed Paper presented at the Joint African Association of Agricultural Economists (AAAE) and Agricultural Economists Association of South Africa (AEASA) Cape Town, South Africa (2010), pp 1–27. Google Scholar
  20. 20. S. Bail, S. Krist, E. Masters, H. Unterweger, and G. Buchbauer, “ Volatile compounds of shea butter samples made under different production conditions in western, central and eastern Africa,” J. Food Composition Anal. 22, 738–744 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2009.02.011 , Google ScholarCrossref
  21. 21. E. Hyman, “ A comparison of labor-saving technologies for processing shea nut butter in Mali,” World Dev. 19, 1247–1268 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(91)90071-O , Google ScholarCrossref
  22. 22. A. Kar and H. C. Mital, “ The study of shea butter. VI: The extraction of shea butter,” Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 31, 67–69 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01093889 , Google ScholarCrossref
  23. 23. M. Saussey and P. Moity-Maizi, “ Reconnaître les savoir-faire dans un artisanat en Afrique de l'Ouest: la Cas du beurre de karité au Burkina Faso,” in Colloque Innovation et Développement Durable dans l'Agriculture et l'Agroalimentaire (ISDA 2010), Montpellier-France (2010), p 7. Google Scholar
  24. 24. H. M. Womeni, R. Ndjouenkeu, C. Kapseu, and M. Parmentier, “ Application du procédé séchage-friture aux amandes de karité: influence sur la composition en matières insaponifiables du beurre,” Oléagineux Corps gras et Lipides 14, 366–370 (2007); online at http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=20414563. Google ScholarCrossref
  25. 25. P. G. Lawrence, J. Sanders, and S. Ramaswamy, “ The impact of agricultural and household technologies on women: a conceptual and quantitative analysis in Burkina Faso,” Agric. Econ. 20, 203–214 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5150(99)00002-X , Google ScholarCrossref
  26. 26. P. Coulibaly-Lingani, P. Savadogo, M. Tigabu, and P. C. Oden, “ Factors influencing people's participation in the forest management program in Burkina Faso, West Africa,” For. Policy Econ. 13, 292–302 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2011.02.005 , Google ScholarCrossref
  27. 27. R. Peltier, C. F. Njiti, M. Ntoupka, R. Manlay, M. Henry, and V. Morillon, “ Evaluation du stock de carbone et de la productivité en bois d'un parc à karités du Nord-Cameroun,” Bois et Forêts des Tropiques n 294, 39–50 (2007); online at http://publications.cirad.fr/une_notice.php?dk=541390. Google Scholar
  28. 28. Z. Teklehaimanot, “ Exploiting the potential of indigenous agroforestry trees: Parkio biglobosa and Vitellaria paradoxa in sub-Saharan Africa,” Agroforestry Syst. 61, 207–220 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:AGFO.0000029000.22293.d1 , Google ScholarCrossref
  29. 29. P. Visser, “ The testing of cookstoves: data of water-boiling tests as a basis to calculate fuel consumption,” Energy Sustainable Dev. 9, 16–24 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0973-0826(08)60479-2 , Google ScholarCrossref
  30. 30. M. Aneke, B. Agnew, C. Underwood, H. Wu, and S. Masheiti, “ Power generation from waste heat in a food processing application,” Appl. Therm. Eng. 36, 171–180 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.12.023 , Google ScholarCrossref
  31. 31. F. Jappe Frandsen, “ Utilizing biomass and waste for power production—a decade of contributing to the understanding, interpretation and analysis of deposits and corrosion products,” Fuel 84, 1277–1294 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2004.08.026 , Google ScholarCrossref
  32. 32. M. R. Kosseva, “ Management and processing of food wastes,” in Comprehensive Biotechnology, 2nd ed., edited by M.-Y. Murray (Academic Press, Burlington, 2011), pp 557–593. Google ScholarCrossref
  33. 33. W. Lee and M. R. Okos, “ Sustainable food processing systems. Path to a zero discharge: Reduction of water, waste and energy,” Procedia Food Sci. 1, 1768–1777 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.profoo.2011.09.260 , Google ScholarCrossref
  34. 34. S. Sefa-Dedeh, “ Traditional food technology,” in Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 2nd ed., edited by C. Benjamin (Academic Press, Oxford, 2003), pp 5828–5834. Google ScholarCrossref
  35. 35. AFNOR, Recueil de Normes Françaises, Corps Gras, Graines Oléagineux, Produits Dérivés, 5th ed. (Paris, France, 1993). Google Scholar
  36. 36. J. Braam, “ The relevance of energy analysis in product design,” Appl. Energy 7, 263–279 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-2619(80)90002-1 , Google ScholarCrossref
  37. 37. S. S. Madaeni and S. Zereshki, “ Energy consumption for sugar manufacturing. Part I: Evaporation versus reverse osmosis,” Energy Convers. Manage. 51, 1270–1276 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2010.01.002 , Google ScholarCrossref
  38. 38. A. Mohod, S. Jain, A. Powar, N. Rathore, and A. Kurchania, “ Elucidation of unit operations and energy consumption pattern in small scale cashew nut processing mills,” J. Food Eng. 99, 184–189 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2010.02.017 , Google ScholarCrossref
  39. 39. M. A. Waheed, S. O. Jekayinfa, J. O. Ojediran, and O. E. Imeokparia, “ Energetic analysis of fruit juice processing operations in Nigeria,” Energy 33, 35–45 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2007.09.001 , Google ScholarCrossref
  40. 40. R. Davis, A. Aden, and P. Pienkos, “ Techno-economic analysis of autotrophic microalgae for fuel production,” Appl. Energy 88, 3524–3531 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.04.018 , Google ScholarCrossref
  41. 41. A. Mohammadi and M. Omid, “ Economical analysis and relation between energy inputs and yield of greenhouse cucumber production in Iran,” Appl. Energy 87, 191–196 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.07.021 , Google ScholarCrossref
  42. 42. A. Nianogo, M. Savadogo, M. Ouédraogo, and C. Kambou, in Quelques Impacts Socio-économiques, Enironnementaux de l'exploitation Forestière en Milieu Soudano-Sahélien, Note synthétique UICN (2003), p 4. Google Scholar
  43. 43. PREDAS, in CILSS La stratégie énergie domestique au Burkina Faso (2003), p 128. Google Scholar
  44. 44. J. Schmidt, S. Leduc, E. Dotzauer, G. Kindermann, and E. Schmid, “ Cost-effective CO2 emission reduction through heat, power and biofuel production from woody biomass: A spatially explicit comparison of conversion technologies,” Appl. Energy 87, 2128–2141 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.11.007 , Google ScholarCrossref
  45. 45. G. Gottschalk, Bacterial Metabolism (Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1979). Google ScholarCrossref
  46. 46. M. Diallo, “ Les femmes et le karité: contraintes et problèmes d'égalité entre producteur,” in Atelier International sur le Traitement, la Valorisation et le Commerce du Karité en Afrique, Dakar-Senegal, (2002) p 4. Google Scholar
  47. 47. H. M. Womeni, R. Ndjouenkeu, C. Kapseu, F. Tchouanguep, M. Parmentier, and J. Fanni, “ Influence des conditions de séchage friture des amandes de karité sur la composition en matières insaponifiables du beurre,” in Maîtrise des Procédés en vue d'améliorer la qualité et la sécurité des aliments, Utilisation des OGM, Analyse des risques en agroalimentaire., Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso (2005). Google Scholar
  48. 48. N. A. Aviara and M. A. Haque, “ Moisture dependence of thermal properties of sheanut kernel,” J. Food Eng. 47, 109–113 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0260-8774(00)00105-9 , Google ScholarCrossref
  49. 49. M. Monzambe, “ La problématique de la biométhanisation en République Démocratique du Congo,” Bulletin de l'ANSD 3, 7–34 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1522/cla.mam.pro , Google ScholarCrossref
  50. 50. E. Cecelski, “ The role of women in sustainable energy development,” National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2000, p 54. Google Scholar
  51. 51. C. De Troyer, “ Desertification control in the Sudanian and Sahelian zones of west Africa—Better management of the renewable resource base,” Forest Ecol. Manage. 16, 233–241 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(86)90023-X , Google ScholarCrossref
  52. 52. R. Yaacoub, R. Saliba, B. Nsouli, G. Khalaf, and I. Birlouez-Aragon, “ Formation of lipid oxidation and isomerization products during processing of nuts and sesame seeds,” J. Agric. Food Chem. 56, 7082–7090 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1021/jf800808d , Google ScholarCrossref
  53. 53. E. Guiro and F. Grandval, in Mécanisation, amélioration des opérations post-récolte ou de transformation du karité, PADAB II Mise en œuvre des actions, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso (2009), p 45. Google Scholar
  1. © 2013 AIP Publishing LLC.

Article Metrics

Views
78
Citations
Crossref 4
Web of Science
ISI 5

Altmetric

Please Note: The number of views represents the full text views from December 2016 to date. Article views prior to December 2016 are not included.