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No Access Submitted: 30 November 2011 Accepted: 12 April 2012 Published Online: 04 September 2012

  • Room temperature ferroelectric and magnetic investigations and detailed phase analysis of Aurivillius phase Bi5Ti3Fe0.7Co0.3O15 thin films

Journal of Applied Physics 112, 052010 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4745936
Lynette Keeney1, a), Santosh Kulkarni1, Nitin Deepak1, Michael Schmidt1, Nikolay Petkov1, Panfeng F. Zhang1, Stuart Cavill2, Saibal Roy1, Martyn E. Pemble1, and Roger W. Whatmore1
more...View Affiliations
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  • Lynette Keeney
  • Santosh Kulkarni
  • Nitin Deepak
  • Michael Schmidt
  • Nikolay Petkov
  • Panfeng F. Zhang
  • Stuart Cavill
  • Saibal Roy
  • Martyn E. Pemble
  • Roger W. Whatmore
ABSTRACT
Aurivillius phase Bi5Ti3Fe0.7Co0.3O15 (BTF7C3O) thin films on α-quartz substrates were fabricated by a chemical solution deposition method and the room temperature ferroelectric and magnetic properties of this candidate multiferroic were compared with those of thin films of Mn3+ substituted, Bi5Ti3Fe0.7Mn0.3O15 (BTF7M3O). Vertical and lateral piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) measurements of the films conclusively demonstrate that BTF7C3O and BTF7M3O thin films are piezoelectric and ferroelectric at room temperature, with the major polarization vector in the lateral plane of the films. No net magnetization was observed for the in-plane superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry measurements of BTF7M3O thin films. In contrast, SQUID measurements of the BTF7C3O films clearly demonstrated ferromagnetic behavior, with a remanent magnetization, Br, of 6.37 emu/cm3 (or 804 memu/g), remanent moment = 4.99 × 10−5 emu. The BTF7C3O films were scrutinized by x-ray diffraction, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive x-ray analysis mapping to assess the prospect of the observed multiferroic properties being intrinsic to the main phase. The results of extensive micro-structural phase analysis demonstrated that the BTF7C3O films comprised of a 3.95% Fe/Co-rich spinel phase, likely CoFe2 − xTixO4, which would account for the observed magnetic moment in the films. Additionally, x-ray magnetic circular dichroism photoemission electron microscopy (XMCD-PEEM) imaging confirmed that the majority of magnetic response arises from the Fe sites of Fe/Co-rich spinel phase inclusions. While the magnetic contribution from the main phase could not be determined by the XMCD-PEEM images, these data however imply that the Bi5Ti3Fe0.7Co0.3O15 thin films are likely not single phase multiferroics at room temperature. The PFM results presented demonstrate that the naturally 2D nanostructured Bi5Ti3Fe0.7Co0.3O15 phase is a novel ferroelectric and has potential commercial applications in high temperature piezoelectric and ferroelectric memory technologies. The implications for the conclusive demonstration of ferroelectric and ferromagnetic properties in single-phase materials of this type are discussed.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The support of Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) under the FORME Strategic Research Cluster Award number 07/SRC/I1172 and Starting Investigator Research Grant (09/SIRG/I1621) is gratefully acknowledged. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under Grant Agreement No. 226716. This research was also enabled by the Higher Education Authority Program for Research in Third Level Institutions (2007-2011) via the INSPIRE program. The authors acknowledge ICGEE (International Centre for Graduate Education in Micro & Nano Engineering) for funding Nitin Deepak’s Ph.D. The authors would like to acknowledge Deirdre Kelleher (University College Cork, College Road, Cork), Dr. Marina Manganaro and Dr. Emanuele Pelucchi (Tyndall National Institute) and Dr. Francesco Maccherozzi2222. F. Maccherozzi, PEEM Image Microscopy Manipulation (PIMMs) IGOR routine. and Professor Sarnjeet Dhesi (Diamond Light Source, Ltd.) for their help in this work.

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