No Access Submitted: 04 April 2007 Accepted: 25 June 2007 Published Online: 20 August 2007
Journal of Applied Physics 102, 044304 (2007); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2767615
more...View Affiliations
  • a)On leave from Department of Physics, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan-713104, West Bengal, India.

    b)Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; electronic mail: [email protected]

View Contributors
  • S. K. Pradhan
  • Z. T. Deng
  • F. Tang
  • C. Wang
  • Y. Ren
  • P. Moeck
  • V. Petkov
The three-dimensional structure of oleic acid-capped CdSe and thiol-capped CdTe nanocrystals used as quantum dots has been determined by total synchrotron radiation x-ray diffraction and atomic pair distribution function analysis. Both CdSe and CdTe are found to exhibit the zinc-blende-type atomic ordering. It is only slightly distorted in CdSe implying the presence of nanosize domains and very heavily distorted in CdTe due to the presence of distinct core-shell regions. The results well demonstrate the great potential of the experimental approach and thus encourage its wider application in quantum dot research.
The work was supported by NSF through Grant No. DMR 0304391(NIRT) and CMU through Grant No. REF C602281. Use of the Advanced Photon Source was supported by the U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. One of the authors (C.W.) is grateful to the support of National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of China (50525310).
  1. 1. M. Bruchez, M. Moronne, P. Gin, S. Weiss, and A. P. Alivisatos, Science https://doi.org/10.1126/science.281.5385.2013 281, 2013 (1998). Google ScholarCrossref, ISI
  2. 2. M. Han, X. Gao, J. Z. Su, and S. Nie, Nat. Biotechnol. https://doi.org/10.1038/90228 19, 631 (2001). Google ScholarCrossref, ISI
  3. 3. W. C. W. Chan, D. J. Maxwell, X. Gao, R. E. Bailey, M. Han, and S. Nie, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-1669(02)00282-3 13, 40 (2002). Google ScholarCrossref, ISI
  4. 4. C. A. Leatherdale, W. K. Woo, F. V. Mikulec, and M. G. Bawendi, J. Phys. Chem. B https://doi.org/10.1021/jp025698c 106, 7619 (2002). Google ScholarCrossref, ISI
  5. 5. X. Gao, Y. Cui, R. M. Levenson, L. W. K. Chung, and S. Nie, Nat. Biotechnol. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt994 22, 969 (2004). Google ScholarCrossref, ISI
  6. 6. V. L. Colvin, M. C. Schlamp, and A. P. Alivisatos, Nature (London) https://doi.org/10.1038/370354a0 370, 354 (1994). Google ScholarCrossref, ISI
  7. 7. V. I. Klimov, A. A. Mikhailovsky, S. Xu, A. Malko, J. A. Hollingsworth, C. A. Leatherdale, H. J. Eisler, and M. G. Bawendi, Science https://doi.org/10.1126/science.290.5490.314 290, 314 (2000). Google ScholarCrossref, ISI
  8. 8. N. C. Greenham, X. G. Peng, and A. P. Alivisatos, Phys. Rev. B https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.54.17628 54, 17628 (1996). Google ScholarCrossref, ISI
  9. 9. X. Peng, L. Manna, W. Yang, J. Wickham, E. Scher, A. Kadavanich, and A. Alivisatos, Nature (London) https://doi.org/10.1038/35003535 404, 59 (2000). Google ScholarCrossref, ISI
  10. 10. L. Manna, E. C. Scher, and A. P. Alivisatos, J. Am. Chem. Soc. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja003055+ 122, 12700 (2000). Google ScholarCrossref, ISI
  11. 11. B. O. Dabbousi, J. Rodriguez-Viejo, F. V. Mikulec, J. R. Heine, H. Mattoussi, R. Ober, K. F. Jensen, and M. G. Bawendi, J. Phys. Chem. B https://doi.org/10.1021/jp971091y 101, 9463 (1997). Google ScholarCrossref, ISI
  12. 12. M. A. Hines and Ph. Guyot-Sionnest, J. Phys. Chem. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp9530562 100, 468 (1996). Google ScholarCrossref, ISI
  13. 13. X. Peng, M. C. Schlamp, A. V. Kadavanich, and A. P. Alivisatos, J. Am. Chem. Soc. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja970754m 119, 7019 (1997). Google ScholarCrossref, ISI
  14. 14. G. M. Dalpian, M. L. Tiago, M. L. Puerto, and J. R. Chelikovsky, Nano Lett. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl0525094 6, 501 (2006). Google ScholarCrossref
  15. 15. J. Rockenberger, L. Troger, A. L. Rogach, M. Tischer, M. Grundmann, A. Eychmuller, and H. Weller, J. Chem. Phys. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.476216 108, 7807 (1998). Google ScholarScitation, ISI
  16. 16. A. Eychmuller and A. L. Rorach, Pure Appl. Chem. 72, 179 (2000). Google ScholarCrossref
  17. 17. A. C. Carter, C. E. Bouldin, K. M. Kemner, M. I. Bell, J. C. Woicik, and S. A. Majetich, Phys. Rev. B https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.55.13822 55, 13822 (1997). Google ScholarCrossref
  18. 18. D. S. Yang, D. R. Fazzini, T. I. Morrison, L. Troger, and G. Bunker, J. Non-Cryst. Solids https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3093(96)00577-7 210, 275 (1997). Google ScholarCrossref
  19. 19. J. McBride, J. Treadway, L. C. Feldman, S. J. Pennycook, and S. J. Rosenthal, Nano Lett. 7, 1496 (2006). Google ScholarCrossref
  20. 20. J. McBride, T. Kippeny, S. J. Pennycook, and S. J. Rosenthal, Nano Lett. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl049406q 4, 1279 (2004). Google ScholarCrossref
  21. 21. Z. T. Deng, L. Cao, F. Q. Tang, and B. S. Zou, J. Phys. Chem. B https://doi.org/10.1021/jp052484x 109, 16671 (2005). Google ScholarCrossref, ISI
  22. 22. H. Zhang, L. Wang, H. Xiong, L. Hu, B. Yang, and W. Li, Adv. Mater. (Weinheim, Ger.) 15, 1712 (2003). Google ScholarCrossref
  23. 23. J. Gao, W. Yang, and C. Wang, J. Phys. Chem. B 109, 17467 (2005). Google ScholarCrossref
  24. 24. V. Petkov, I. -K. Jeong, J. S. Chung, M. F. Thorpe, S. Kycia, and S. J. L. Billinge, Phys. Rev. Lett. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.4089 83, 4089 (1999). Google ScholarCrossref
  25. 25. T. Egami and S. J. L. Billinge, Underneath the Bragg Peaks. Structural Analysis of Complex Materials (Pergamon, Oxford, 2003). Google Scholar
  26. 26. V. Petkov, P. Y. Zavalji, S. Lutta, M. S. Whittingham, V. Parvanov, and S. Shastri, Phys. Rev. B https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.69.085410 69, 085410 (2004). Google ScholarCrossref
  27. 27. M. Gateshki, V. Petkov, G. Williams, S. K. Pradhan, and Y. Ren, Phys. Rev. B https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.71.224107 71, 224107 (2005). Google ScholarCrossref
  28. 28. H. P. Klug and L. E. Alexander, X-ray Diffraction Procedures for Polycrystalline Materials (Wiley, New York, 1974). Google Scholar
  29. 29. Y. Waseda, The Structure of Nanosrystalline Materials (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1980). Google Scholar
  30. 30. V. Petkov, J. Appl. Crystallogr. https://doi.org/10.1107/S0021889889002104 22, 387 (1989). Google ScholarCrossref
  31. 31. H. Zhang, B. Gilbert, N. Huang, and J. F. Banfield, Nature (London) https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01845 424, 1025 (2003). Google ScholarCrossref, ISI
  32. 32. R. B. Neder and V. I. Korsunsiy, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/17/5/013 17, S125 (2005). Google ScholarCrossref
  33. 33. Th. Proffen and S. J. L. Billinge, J. Appl. Crystallogr. https://doi.org/10.1107/S0021889899003532 32, 572 (1999). Google ScholarCrossref
  34. 34. M. Kh. Rabadanov, I. A. Verin, Yu. M. Ivanov, and V. I. Simonov, Kristallografiya 46, 703 (2001). Google Scholar
  35. 35. L. E. Brus, Appl. Phys. A: Solids Surf. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00331535 53, 465 (1991). Google ScholarCrossref
  36. 36.It may be noted that the agreement factors achieved with the PDF analyses appear somewhat higher when compared to those usually resulted from the Rietveld analyses of conventional diffraction data in reciprocal space. This reflects the fact that the atomic PDF differs from the conventional XRD pattern being a quantity much more sensitive to the local atomic ordering in materials. As a result, Rw’s between 10% and 20% are common for PDF analyses. The inherently higher absolute value of the goodness-of-fit factors resulted from PDF-based analyses does not affect their functional purpose as a residual quantity that must be minimized to find the best fit and as a quantity allowing to differentiate between competing structural models.
  37. 37. H. Weller, Adv. Mater. (Weinheim, Ger.) https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.19930050204 5, 88 (1993). Google ScholarCrossref
  38. 38. S. K. Vashist, R. Tewari, R. P. Bajpal, L. M. Bharadwaj, and R. Reiteri, Nanotechnology https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/2/1/001 2, 1 (2006). Google ScholarCrossref
  39. 39. S. Ergun and S. R. Schehl, Carbon https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-6223(73)90063-8 11, 127 (1973). Google ScholarCrossref
  40. 40. P. D. Lao, Y. Guo, G. G. Siu, and S. C. Shen, Phys. Rev. B https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.48.11701 48, 11701 (1993). Google ScholarCrossref
  41. 41. G. Scamarcio, M. Lugara, and D. Manno, Phys. Rev. B https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.45.13792 45, 13792 (1992). Google ScholarCrossref, ISI
  42. 42. Y. Hwang, S. Shin, H. Park, S. Park, U. Kim, H. Jeong, E. Shin, and D. Kim, Phys. Rev. B https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.54.15120 54, 15120 (1996). Google ScholarCrossref
  43. 43. N. Herron, J. Calabrese, W. Farneth, and Y. Wang, Science 259, 1426 (1993). Google ScholarCrossref
  44. 44. Y. Wang and N. Herron, Phys. Rev. B https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.42.7253 42, 7253 (1990). Google ScholarCrossref, ISI
  45. 45. J.-Yu. Zhang, X.-Yo Wang, M. Xiao, L. Qu, and X. Peng, Appl. Phys. Lett. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1507613 81, 2076 (2002). Google ScholarScitation, ISI
  46. 46. D. Rodic, V. Spasojevic, A. Bajorek, and P. Oennerud, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 152, 159 (1996). Google ScholarCrossref
  47. 47. H. Borchert, D. V. Talapin, N. Gopanik, C. McGinley, S. Adam, A. Lobo, T. Moller, and H. Weller, J. Phys. Chem. B https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0352884 107, 9662 (2003). Google ScholarCrossref
  1. © 2007 American Institute of Physics.